The Study of Pain Experienced, Social Support and Perceptual Beliefs in Chronic Pain Sufferers Individuals

Authors
Sohrab Amiri
Ali Isazadegan
Majid Mahmood Alilo
Masumeh Banafsheh
Abstract
Introduction and Aims

The pain experience in people with chronic pain can effect on psychological and social aspects, also influenced. The aim of this study was examining the perceptual beliefs, social support and experience of pain in patients with chronic pain.

Materials and Methods

In this regard, 120 men and women with chronic pain whom admitted to therapeutic centers of rheumatology and neurology in Urmia, in aspects of rheumatic diseases in three domains of low back pain, arthritis and osteoarthritis were selected equally by using available sampling method. Then, data related to perceptual beliefs, social support and experience of pain, in order to test the research hypotheses was collected, and finally data were analyzed by using multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance and independent t-test.

Results

The results of data analysis showed that the three groups of patients with chronic pain were significant differences in the experience of pain and perceptual beliefs. So that patients with osteoarthritis, reported more severe pain experience than the two other groups. However, significant difference was not found between the groups on the perceived social support. Between men and women there was a significant difference in terms of perceived social support, but there was no difference in the experience of pain and pain perception beliefs.

Conclusion

Bio-psycho-social model and its relationship with various types of chronic pain can be provided useful insights on psychosocial dimensions in chronic patients.



* Corresponding Author: Urmia University, Department of Psychology.

Email: Amirysohrab@yahoo.com
Keywords
social support
pain
chronic
World Health Organization Report 2001. Mental health: New understanding, New Hope. [2001]; Available from: http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/.

Asghari Moghaddam MA, Karami B, Rezaei S. The Prevalence rates of lifetime pain and chronic pain in two small cities in Iran. Journal of Psychology, 2002;6(1):30-50. [Persian]

Epping Jordan JE, Bengoa R, Kawar R, Sabate E. The challenge of chronic conditions: WHO responds. Br Med J. 2001;323(7319):947-8.

Schatman ME, Campbell A. Chronic pain management‚ guidelines for multidisciplinary program development. 1st ed. London: CRC Press; 2007.

Nicholas M, Molloy A, Tonkin L, Beeston L. Manage Your Pain: Practical and Positive Ways of Adapting to Chronic Pain. London: Souvenir Press; 2012.

Turk DC, Melzack R. Handbook of Pain Assessment. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2010.

Davoudi I, Nasimifar N. The effect of mindfullness-based stress reduction on chronic pain and coping strategies among women with chronic musculoskeletal pain. New Findings in Psychology. 2012;7( 22):45-62. [Persian]

Blyth FM, March LM, Brnabic AJ, Jorm LR, Williamson M, Cousins MJ. Chronic pain in Australia: a prevalence study. Pain‚ 2001;89(2-3):127-34.

Cano A. Pain catastrophizing and social support in married individuals with chronic pain: the moderating role of pain duration. Pain, 2004;110(3):656-64.

Manchikanti L, Fellows B, Pampati V, Beyer C, Damron K, Barnhill RC. Compersion of psychological status of chronic pain patient and the general population. Pain Physician. 2002;5(1):40-8.

Berkman LF, Glass T, Brissette I, Seeman TE. From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(6):843-57.

Holt Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton B. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(7):e1000316.

Pinquart M, Duberstein PR. Associations of social networks with cancer mortality: a meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010;75(2):122-37.

Uchino BN. Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(3).

Holtzman S, Newth S, Delongis A. The role of Social support in coping with daily pain among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Health Psychol. 2004;9(5):677-95.

Barth J, Schneider S, von Kanel R. Lack of social support in the etiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(3):229-38.

Uchino BN‚ Bower K‚ Carlisle MK‚ Birmingham W. Psychological pathways linking social support to health outcomes: A visit with the ghosts of research past‚ present‚ and future. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(7):949-57.

Lee M, Rotheram Borus MJ. Challenges associated with increased survival among parents living with HIV. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(8):1303-9.

Moser A, Stuck AE, Silliman RA, Ganz PA, Clough Gorr KM. The eight-item modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey: psychometric evaluation showed excellent performance. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(10):1107-16.

Asghari A, Nicholas MK. Personality and pain-Related Belifs/ Coping Strategies: A Persopective study. Clin J Pain. 2006;22(1):10-8.

Schutze R‚ Rees C‚ Preece M‚ Schutze M. Low mindfulness predicts pain Catastrophizing in a fear avoidance model of chronic pain. Pain‚ 2010;148(1):120-7.

Main, CJ, Sullivan MJL, Watson PJ. Pain Managemen: Practical applications of the biopsychosocial perspective in clinical and accupational setting. 2nd ed. Elsevier: Churchill Livingstone; 2007.

Williams DA, Robinson MF, Geisser ME. Pain beliefs: assessment and utility. Pain‚ 1994;59(1):71-8.

Basharat MA, Kochi S, Dehghani M, Farahani H, Momenzadeh S. [Examine the moderating role of self-efficacy on the relationship between alexithymia, severity of pain and pain-related disability in patients with chronic pain]. Daneshvar, 2012;19(7):103-13. [Persian]

Mahram M. Cancer Epidemiology in the world, Iran and Qazvin, Proceedings of the National Congress of cancer, from prevention to rehabilitation. Qazvin Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery. 2008 March. 4, Qazvin, Iran. [Persian]

Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of Perceived social support. J Pers Asses. 2010;52(1):30-41.

Hobfoll SE, London P. The Relationship of Self-Concept and Social Support to Emotional Distress among Women during War. J Soc Clin Psychol. 1986;4(2):189-203.

Strong J, Ashton R, Chant D. The measurement of attitudes towards and Beliefs about pain. Pain‚ 1992;48(2):227-36.

Morley S, Wilkinson L. The pain belief and perception inventory: a British replication. Pain, 1995;61(3):427-33.

Herda CA, Siegeris K, Basler HD. The pain beliefs and perception Inventory: further evidence for a 4-factor structure. Pain, 1994;57(1):85-90.

Melzack, R. The Mc Gill pain Questionnaire: major properties and Scoring methods. Pain, 1975;1(3):277-99.

Ebrahimi Nejad GhR, Ebrahimi Nejad A, Kohan S, Bahrampour A. The evaluation of pain in neurosurgical patients before and after operation in Kerman Shahid Bahonar Hospital according to the McGill pain questionnaire. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 2004;11(2):119-25. [Persian]

Williams DA, Thorn BE. An empirical assessment of pain belief. Pain‚ 1989;36(3):351-8.

Kerns R, Morley S, Vlaeyen J. Psychological interventions for chronic pain. An updated review. Seattle: IASP Press; 2008, 181-93.

Nicholas MK. Obstacles to recovery after an episode of low back pain; the ‘usual suspects’ are not always guilty. Pain, 2010;148(3):363-4.

Foster NE, Thomas E, Bishop A, Dunn KM, Main CJ. Distinctiveness of psychological obstacles to recovery in low back pain patients in primary care. Pain, 2010;148(3):398-406.

Salimi S, Jebreili M, Sayyedrasooli A, Ghojazadeh M. The Effect of Swaddling on Physiological Pain Responses of Premature Infants to Nasogastric Tube Insertion: Crossover Clinical Trial. Nasim-Danesh. 2014;22(3):55-63.

Evers AW, Kraaimaat FW, Geenen R, Bijlsma JW. Psychosocial predictors of functional change in recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis patients. Behav Res Ther. 1998;36(2):179-93.

Jensen MP, Ehde DM, Hoffman AJ, Patterson DR, Czerniecki JM, Robinson LR. Cognitions, coping and social environment predict adjustment to phantom limb pain. Pain, 2002;95(1-2);133-42.

Klapow JC, Slater MA, Patterson TL, Atkinson JH, Weickgenant AL, Grant I, et al. Psychosocial factors discriminate multidimensional clinical groups of chronic low back pain patients. Pain, 1995;62(3):349-55.

Ganz PA, Guadagnoli E, Landrum MB, Lash TL, Rakowski W, Silliman RA. Breast cancer in older women: quality of life and psychosocial adjustment in the 15 months after diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(21):4027-33.

Gagliardi C, Vespa A, Papa R, Mariotti C, Cascinu S, Rossini S. Social support networks and depression of women suffering from early-stage breast cancer: a case control study. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2009;27(2):216-29.

Nausheen B1, Gidron Y, Peveler R, Moss-Morris R. Social support and cancer progression: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 67, 403-415.

Feldman SI, Downey G, Schaffer-Neitz R. Pain, negative mood, and perceived support in chronic pain patients: A daily diary study of people with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67(5):776-85.

Jamison RN, Virts KL. The influence of family support on chronic pain. Behav Res Ther. 1990;28(4):283-7.

Campbell P, Wynne-Jones G, Dunn KM. The influence of informal social support on risk and prognosis in spinal pain: A systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2011;15(5): 444.e1-14.

Leytham Sh, Powel T. Chronic pain and its association with type of natural disaster, community support and social-cultural context. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 2012;6(6):233-42.

Kerns RD, Weise LH. Family influences on the course of chronic illness: A cognitive–behavioral transactional model. Ann Behav Med. 1994;16(2):116-21.

Bradley LA, Young LD, Anderson KO, Turner RA, Agudelo CA, McDaniel LK, et al. Effects of psychological therapy on pain behavior of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Treatment outcome and six-month followup. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(10):1105-14.

Jou YH, Fukada H. Effects of social support on adjustment of Chinese students in Japan. J Soc Psychol. 1995;135(1):39-47.

Price DD. Psychological mechanisms of pain and analgesia (Progress in Pain Research and Management, V. 15). 1st ed. Seattle: IASP Press; 1999.

Eccleston C. Role of psychology in pain management. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87;144-52.

Beiske AG, Pedersen ED, Czujko B, Myhr KM. Pain and sensory complaints in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(7):479-82.

Holahan CJ, Moos RH, Holahan CK, Brennan PL. Social support, coping and depressive symptoms in a late-middle aged sample of patients reporting illness. Health Psychol. 1995;14(2):152-63.