Comparative study of antinociceptive effects of magnesium sulfate and lidocaine intra and postoperative surgery in animal model

Author
Shahin Hajighahramani
Mohaghegh ardabili university
Abstract
Introduction:

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive efficacy of three lumbosacral analgesic protocols for elective tail ducking surgery in dogs received acepromazine premedication.

Materials and methods:

15 dogs were randomly divided in 3 groups. Evaluated treatments were lidocaine (4mg/kg) alone (group1), magnesium sulphate (2.5 mg/kg ) in combination with lidocaine (4 mg/kg) (group2) and magnesium sulphate (2.5 mg/kg) alone ( group3) that were injected in the epidural space. Analgesia was assessed before surgical procedure using Von Frey device. Analgesia was evaluated during and after surgery, too.

Results:

The decrease of pain was significant in three treated groups during and after surgery (P < 0.05). Pain score was lower in first and second groups than in the third group, during surgery. There was a difference in pain score between first and second groups in postoperative evaluation (P < 0.05). Von Frey filaments evaluation showed that no significant changes in Von Frey thresholds were observed among the groups.

Conclusion:

Based on the present results it is concluded that magnesium sulfate injected into the lumbosacral epidural space of dogs causes to an antinociceptive effect in A δ and C- fibers without any motor functional deficits. Additionally, magnesium sulfate- lidocaine combination produce suitable postoperative analgesia.
Keywords
Magnesium Sulfate
Lidocaine
Analgesia
Dog
Surgery
Hau J, Schapiro SJ. Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science, Volume I: Essential Principles and Practices. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC press; 2010.p.127-456.
Flecknell P. Laboratory animal anaesthesia. 4th ed. Londn: Academic Press; 2015 .p. 274-311.
Grimm KA, Tranquilli WJ, Lamont LA. Essentials of small animal anesthesia and analgesia. 2nd ed. Londn: John Wiley & Sons; 2011. p. 205-63.
Grimm KA, Lamont LA, Tranquilli WJ, Greene SA, Robertson SA. Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 6th ed. Philadelphia: John Wiley & Sons; 2015. p.1243-670.
Clarke KW, Trim CM. Veterinary anaesthesia. 11th ed. London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.p.134-256.
Muir III WW, Hubbell JA. Handbook of veterinary anesthesia. 7th ed.Iowa. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. p.128-87.
Tranquilli WJ, Thurmon JC, Grimm KA. Lumb and Jones' veterinary anesthesia and analgesia. 6th ed. Amesterdam: Blackwell publishing; 2013. p.927-1096.
Hall JE. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 13th ed. Pensylvania: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p. 555-97.
Aspinall V, Cappello M. Introduction to veterinary anatomy and physiology textbook. 3rd ed. London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015.p.74-93.
Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S. Ganong's review of medical physiology. 23rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2015.p.386-417.
Valverde A. Epidural analgesia and anesthesia in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38(6):1205-30.
Hadzic A. Textbook of regional anesthesia and acute pain management.1st ed. New Yoek: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2007.p. 369-475.
Aitkenhead AR, Thompson J, Rowbotham DJ, Moppett I. Smith and Aitkenhead's textbook of anaesthesia. 6th ed. London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013. p.412-89.
Weibel S, Jokinen J, Pace NL, Schnabel A, Hollmann MW, Hahnenkamp K, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia and recovery after surgery: a systematic review with trial sequential analysis. Br J Anaesth 2016; 116(6):770-83
Daykin H. The efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for analgesia in the older adult: a literature review. Br J Pain 2017; 11(1):23-31
Golzari SE, Soleimanpour H, Mahmoodpoor A, Safari S, Ala A. Lidocaine and pain management in the emergency department: a review article. Anesth Pain Med 2014; 4(1):e15444.
Dunn LK, Durieux ME. Perioperative use of intravenous lidocaine. Anesthesiology 2017;126(4):729-37.
Bahrenberg A, Dzikiti BT, Fosgate GT, Stegmann FG, Tacke SP, Rioja E. Antinociceptive effects of epidural magnesium sulphate alone and in combination with morphine in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42(3):319-28.
Congedo E, Sgreccia M, De Cosmo G. New drugs for epidural analgesia. Curr Drug Targets 2009; 10(8):696-706.
Nishiyama T. Benzodiazepine in spinally mediated analgesia. World J Anesthesiol 2015; 4(1):5-9.
Dubé L, Granry J-C. The therapeutic use of magnesium in anesthesiology, intensive care and emergency medicine: a review. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50(7):732-46.
Panahi Y, Mojtahedzadeh M, Najafi A, Ghaini MR, Abdollahi M, Sharifzadeh M, et al. The role of magnesium sulfate in the intensive care unit. EXCLI J 2017;16:464-82
Kutlesic MS, Kutlesic RM, Mostic-Ilic T. Magnesium in obstetric anesthesia and intensive care. J Anesth 2017; 31(1):127-139.
Hasanein R, El-sayed W, Khalil M. The value of epidural magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant to bupivacaine and fentanyl for labor analgesia. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2014; 29(3):219-24.
Joshi-Khadke S, Khadke VV, Patel SJ, Borse YM, Kelkar KV, Dighe JP, et al. Efficacy of spinal additives neostigmine and magnesium sulfate on characteristics of subarachnoid block, hemodynamic stability and postoperative pain relief: A randomized clinical trial. Anesth Essays Res 2015; 9(1):63-71.
Pradhan A, Nayak MK, Dash T, Pradhan K, Mishra D. Comparative study of clonidine and magnesium sulfate used as adjuvant to epidural bupivacaine in orthopedic lower limb surgery. Ann Int Med Den Res 2017; 3(1):AN08-AN12.
Kona-Boun JJ, Cuvelliez S, Troncy E. Evaluation of epidural administration of morphine or morphine and bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after premedication with an opioid analgesic and orthopedic surgery in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229(7):1103-12.
Hajighahramani S, Vesal N. Evaluation of several drug combinations for intraperitoneal anaesthesia in adult male rats. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, University of Shiraz 2007; 8(2):106-15.
DeRossi R, Pompermeyer CTD, Silva-Neto AB, Barros ALCd, Jardim PHdA, Frazílio FO. Lumbosacral epidural magnesium prolongs ketamine analgesia in conscious sheep. Acta Cir Bras 2012; 27(2):137-43.
Lysakowski C, Dumont L, Czarnetzki C, Tramèr MR. Magnesium as an adjuvant to postoperative analgesia: a systematic review of randomized trials. Anesth Analg 2007; 104(6):1532-9.
Ekstrand C, Sterning M, Bohman L, Edner A. Lumbo-sacral epidural anaesthesia as a complement to dissociative anaesthesia during scrotal herniorrhaphy of livestock pigs in the field. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2015; 57(1):33.
Moore S, Hettlich BF, Waln A. The use of an electronic von Frey device for evaluation of sensory threshold in neurologically normal dogs and those with acute spinal cord injury. Vet J 2013; 197(2):216-9.
Mastrocinque S, Fantoni DT. A comparison of preoperative tramadol and morphine for the control of early postoperative pain in canine ovariohysterectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2003; 30(4):220-8.
Abelson AL, Armitage‐Chan E, Lindsey JC, Wetmore LA. A comparison of epidural morphine with low dose bupivacaine versus epidural morphine alone on motor and respiratory function in dogs following splenectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38(3):213-23.
Savvas I, Anagnostou T, Papazoglou LG, Raptopoulos D. Successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest associated with extradural lidocaine in a dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2006; 33(3):175-8.
Bilir A, Gulec S, Erkan A, Ozcelik A. Epidural magnesium reduces postoperative analgesic requirement. Br J Anaesth 2007; 98(4):519-523.
Steinlechner B, Dworschak M, Birkenberg B, Grubhofer G, Weigl M, Schiferer A, et al. Magnesium moderately decreases remifentanil dosage required for pain management after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96(4):444-9.
Kroin JS, McCarthy RJ, Von Roenn N, Schwab B, Tuman KJ, Ivankovich AD. Magnesium sulfate potentiates morphine antinociception at the spinal level. Anaesth Analg 2000; 90:889-912.
Bahar M, Chanimov M, Grinspun E, Koifman I, Cohen M. Spinal anaesthesia induced by intrathecal magnesium sulphate An experimental study in a rat model. Anaesthesia 1996; 51(7):627-33.
Dehghani SA, Bigham Sadegh A. Comparison of lidocaine-distilled water and lidocaine-Mgso4 mixture in epidural anesthesia of dog. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery (IJVS) 2007; 2(3):59-65.
Bhatia A, Kashyap L, Pawar DK, Trikha A. Effect of intraoperative magnesium infusion on perioperative analgesia in open cholecystectomy. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16(4):262-5.
Haaji-Mohammadi M, Arbabian K, Khajavi M, Sadra-ol-sadat S, Fard F, Ghaffari S. The effect of MgSO4 added to lidocaine in spinal anaesthesia. Journal of Iranian Society Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care 2004; 25(45):41-6.
Ryu JH, Kang MH, Park KS, Do SH. Effects of magnesium sulphate on intraoperative anaesthetic requirements and postoperative analgesia in gynaecology patients receiving total intravenous anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100(3):397-403.
Paech MJ, Magann EF, Doherty DA, Verity LJ, Newnham JP. Does magnesium sulfate reduce the short-and long-term requirements for pain relief after caesarean delivery? A double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194(4):1596-602.
Le Bars D, Gozariu M, Cadden SW. Animal models of nociception. Pharmacol Rev 2001; 53(4):597-652.
Fawcett W, Haxby E, Male D. Magnesium: physiology and pharmacology. Br J Anaesth 1999; 83(2):302-20.
Takano Y, Sato E, Kaneko T, Sato I. Antihyperalgesic effects of intrathecally administered magnesium sulfate in rats. Pain 2000; 84(2-3):175-9.