Evaluation of Protoscolex Antigens for Hydatidosis Detection before and after Surgery

Authors
Ali Jelowdar
Mahmood Safi
Abdollah Rafiei
Molouk Beiromvand
Mahmood Rahdar
Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Abstract
Introduction

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic infection caused Echinococcus granulosus with worldwide distribution. As one of the problems that can be encountered after treating CE patients is the risk of postsurgical relapses or treatment failure, a long-term clinical and serological follow-up is required to evaluate the success and failure of therapy.

Materials and Methods

We used extract protoscolex antigen from fresh sheep hydatid cyst collect from slaughtered in Ahvaz. Overall we tested 180 serum samples comprising: 41 sera from post surgically confirmed CE from 6 month to 20 years after surgery, 69 sera from patients with symptomatic CE and 50 sera from non CE patients and 20 heterologous sera were evaluated with SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and western blotting.

Results

The sensitive of the 38 KDa PSC Antigen was 67 % pre and 83 % after surgery and 100% specify. All hepatic CE and 66.6 % of pulmonary CE sera was reacted with PSC Antigen.

Conclusion

The results indicate that the hydatid specific antibodies of IgG, IgG1 and IgG4 are the most important antibodies for the serological diagnosis of CE during the active stage of the disease and Ig G, particularly sub-class Ig G4 was more suitable for postoperative follow up.
Keywords
echinococcosis
Echinococcus granulosus
antigens
diagnosis
1. Baba Ahmadi E, Khosravi A, Shamsi M, Sayehmiri K, Hooshmandfar R. Human IGg class and subclass against crude hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) antigens of human compared to antigen B. J Ilam Univ Med Sci 2011;19(1):9-16.
2. Brunetti E, Tamarozzi F, Macpherson C, Filice C, Piontek MS, Kabaalioglu A, et al. Ultrasound and cystic echinococcosis. Ultrasound Int Open 2018;4(3):E70-E78.
3. Ioppolo S, Notargiacomo S, Profumo E, Franchi C, Ortona E, Rigano R, et al. Immunological responses to antigen B from Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid in hydatid patients. Parasite Immunol 1996;18(11):571-8.
4. Khosravi A, Ghafourian S, Shamsi M, Sadeghifard N, Maleki A, Babaahmadi E. Cross-reaction between the crude hydatid cyst fluid antigens of human and animals origin in response to human IgG class and subclasses. J Parasitol Res 2012;2012:947948.
5. Zarzosa MP, Domingo AO, Gutiérrez P, Alonso P, Cuervo M, Prado A, et al. Evaluation of six serological tests in diagnosis and postoperative control of pulmonary hydatid disease patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;35(4):255-62.
6. Khabiri A, Bagheri F, Assmar M, Siavashi M. Analysis of specific IgE and IgG subclass antibodies for diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus. Parasite immunol 2006;28(8):357-62.
7. Little JM, Hollands MJ, Ekberg H. Recurrence of hydatid disease. World J Surg 1988;12(5):700-3.
8. Mottaghian H, Saidi F. Postoperative recurrence of hydatid disease. Br J Surg 1978;65(4):237-42.
9. Prousalidis J, Kosmidis C, Anthimidis G, Kapoutzis K, Karamanlis E, Fachantidis E. Postoperative recurrence of cystic hydatidosis. Can J Surg 2012;55(1):15-20.
10. Rafiei A, Craig P. The immunodiagnostic potential of protoscolex antigens in human cystic echinococcosis and the possible influence of parasite strain. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2002;96(4):383-9.
11. Debarba JA, Monteiro KM, Moura H, Barr JR, Ferreira HB, Zaha A. Identification of newly synthesized proteins by Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces upon induction of strobilation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015;9(9):e0004085.
12. Hassanain MA, Shaapan RM, Khalil FAM. Sero-epidemiological value of some hydatid cyst antigen in diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. J Parasit Dis 2016;40(1):52-6.
13. Grimm F, Maly FE, Lü J, Llano R. Analysis of specific immunoglobulin G subclass antibodies for serological diagnosis of Echinococcosis by a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998;5(5):613-6.
14. Zhang W, Wen H, Li J, Lin R, McManus DP. Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: an update. Clin Dev Immunol 2012.
15. Rafiei A, Dezfulinejad M, Mirzaei ASAD. Evaluation and comparison of hydatid cyst fluid and protoscolex antigens to different intermediate hosts and human by sds-page gel electrophoresis and western blotting. Journal of ilam university of medical sciences 2005;13(1):3-12.
16. Doiz O, Benito R, Sbihi Y, Osuna A, Clavel A, Gómez-Lus R. Western blot applied to the diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of human hydatidosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;41(3):139-42.
17. Al-Olayan EM, Helmy H. Diagnostic value of different antigenic fractions of hydatid cyst fluid from Camel and Sheep in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 2012;16(2):203-7.
18. Leggatt G, Yang W, McManus DP. Serological evaluation of the 12 kDa subunit of antigen B in Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid by immunoblot analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992;86(2):189-92.
19. Rafiei A MA, Jahanshahi A.H, Talaizadeh A.H, Maraghi S. Evaluation of Echinococcus granulusus protoscolex antigen for hydatid cyst detection using ELISA and immunoblot. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal 2006;4(4):331-40.
20. Oreyzi F, Haghpanah B, Ghayour Z, Mosavat B. Comparison of diagnostic value of antigen band protoscoleces antigen in diagnosis of hydatid cyst by blotting method. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine 2006;12(4):49-54.
21. Gadea I, Ayala G, Diago M, Cunat A, de Lomas JG. Immunological diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis: utility of discriminant analysis applied to the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999;6(4):504-8.
22. Zhang W, Li J, McManus DP. Concepts in immunology and diagnosis of hydatid disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16(1):18-36.
23. Tenguria RK, Naik MI. Evaluation of human cystic echinococcosis before and after surgery and chemotherapy by demonstration of antibodies in serum. Ann Parasitol 2014;60(4):297-303.
24. Wen H, Craig PS. Immunoglobulin G subclass responses in human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994;51(6):741-8.
25. Shambesh M, Craig P, Wen H, Rogan M, Paolillo E. IgG1 and IgG4 serum antibody responses in asymptomatic and clinically expressed cystic echinococcosis patients. Acta Trop 1997;64(1):53-63.
26. Rigano R, Profumo E, Bruschi F, Carulli G, Azzara A, Ioppolo S, et al. Modulation of human immune response by Echinococcus granulosus antigen B and its possible role in evading host defenses. Infect Immun 2001;69(1):288-96.
27. Todorov T, Dakov I, Kosturkova M, Tenev S, Dimitrov A. Immunoreactivity in pulmonary echinococcosis: 1. A comparative study of immunodiagnostic tests. Bull World Health Organ 1979;57(5):735.
28. Abu-Eshy S, Ali ME. Hydatid cyst associated with pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature. Ann Saudi Med 1999;19(2):130-1.
29. Sanchez F, Garcia J, March F, Cardenosa N, Coll P, Muñoz C, et al. Ultrastructural localization of major hydatid fluid antigens in brood capsules and protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus of human origin. Parasite immunol 1993;15(8):441-7.