The Effect of Iron and Silver Nanoparticles on Biofilm Formation in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated From Clinical Specimens

Authors
ghazaleh keshvari
amir hossein momen
hossein vazini
Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
Abstract
Introduction

Nosocomial infections are a major global problem. Using metallic oxide nanoparticles to counter bacterial infections as an alternative to antibiotics can be effective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of iron and silver nanoparticles on biofilm formation in bacteria isolated from clinical specimens and the possibility of using these nanoparticles on laboratory surfaces.

Materials and Methods

This study was performed on three bacterial strains isolated from different wards of Imam Reza, Imam Hossein, and Taleghani hospitals in Kermanshah. The biochemical tests of the bacteria were identified and their antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk method. The microtiter plate method was used to investigate the disinfecting effect of silver and iron nanoparticles on biofilm formation. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.

Results

Results showed 9 blood samples (30%), 5 skin samples (16.67%), and 16 urine samples (53.33%). The highest rate of inhibition of Escherichia coli biofilm formation by silver and iron nanoparticles was 93% and 64%, respectively. The inhibition of biofilm formation in S. epidermidis by silver and iron nanoparticles was 86 and 64%, respectively, and the highest inhibition of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa by silver and iron nanoparticles was 96 and 88%, respectively.

Conclusion

The use of silver and iron nanoparticles has a high potential to kill the bacteria in the biofilm of P.aeruginosa.
Keywords
Biofilm
Silver nanoparticles
Iron nanoparticles
Clinical Isolate
1. Cargill JS, Upton M. Low concentration of vancomycin stimulate biofilm formation in some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Clin Pathol 2010; 62(12): 1112-6.
2. Otto M. Staphylococcal biofilms. Current Topics in Microbiology andImmunology . 2008; 322 : 207-228.
3. Fey PD, Olson ME. Current concepts in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Future Microb 2010; 5(6): 917-33.
4. Costerton WJ, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, et al. MicrobiolBiofilms.Annual Review of Microbiology. 1995; 49: 711-745.
5. Eftekhar F, Mirmohamadi Z. Evaluation of biofilm production by Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from nosocomial infections and skin of healthy volunteers. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2009, 1.10: 438-441.‌
6. Chu CS, McManus AT, Pruitt BA, et al. Therapeutic effects of silver nylon dressing with weak direct current on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected burn wounds. J Trauma. 1988; 28: 1488–1492.
7. Law N, Ansari S, Livens FR, et al. The formation of nano-scale elemental silver particles via enzymatic reduction by Geobacter sulfurreducens. Appl Environ Microbiol.2011; 74: 7090–7093.
8. Ahmadi M, Pourbabaee AA, Doudi M. The isolation and identification of biofilm-forming bacteria in a membrane bioreactor and its removal by silver nanoparticles. Feyz 2012; 16(5): 433-8.
9. Abdoli Oskoii Sh, Ahangarzade M. Detrmination of antibiotic resistant patterns and minimal inhibition concentration of vancomicin in S.aureus coagulase negative isolated from clinical samples in children in Tabriz Spring 1392. J Ardebil uni med sci; 2013. 1(13). (Persian).
10. Marambio-Jones C, Hoek EMV. A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment. J Nanopart Res. 2010; 12(5): 1531-51.
11. Tendolkar PM, Baghdayan AS, Gilmore MS, et al. Enterococcal surface protein:Esp Enhances biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis. Infection and Immunity. 2004; 72: 6032-6039.
12. Shakeri S, Kermanshahi R. Moghaddam M, et al.. Assessment of biofilm cell removal and killingand biocide efficacy using the microtiter plate test. Biofouling. 2007; 23: 79 – 86.
13. Birla S, Tiwari V, Gade AK, et al. Fabrication of silver nanoparticles by Phoma glomerata and its combined effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009; 48: 173-9.
14. Marambio-Jones C, Hoek EMV. A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment. J Nanopart Res. 2010; 12(5): 1531-51.
15. Guo-Xian Wei, Alexander N, Campagna and Libuse A. Bobek Effect of MUC7 peptides on the growth of bacteria and on Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2006; 57: 1100-1109.
16. Lee HW, Kah YM, Kim J, et al. Capacity of multi – drug resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacterboumannii to form biofilm and adhere to epithelial cell surfaces. Clinical Microbiology Infctious.2008; 14: 49-54.
17. Southey Pilling CJ, Davies DG, Sauer K. Characterization of temporal protein production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. Journal ofBacteriology. 2005; 187: 8114-8126.
18. Fidel Martinez-Gutierrez, Laura Boggle, Alessandra Agostino. 2013, Anti-biofilm activity of silver nanoparticles against different microorganisms. Journal of Bio fouling, Vol. 29, No. 6, 651–660.
19. Kim JS, Kuk E, Yu KN, et al. Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 2007; 3(1): 95-101.
20. Beranová J, Seydlová G, Kozak H, Benada O, Fišer R, Artemenko A, Konopásek I, Kromka A. Sensitivity of bacteria to diamond nanoparticles of various size differs in gram-positive and gramnegative cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 351 (2):179-86.
21. Kalishwaralal K, BarathManiKanth S, Pandean SR, Deepak V. Silver nanoparticles impede the biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis.Journal of " Colloids Surfaces B :Bio interfaces , 2010. ,79:340–344.
22. Hajipour J., Katharina M, Mahmoudi M. Antibacterial properties of nanoparticles. Trends in Biotechnology, 2012, 30 (10):499-511. ]Persian[.
23. Silva, A. C., Oliveira, T. R., Mamani, J. B., Malheiros, S. M., Malavolta, L., Pavon, L. F., ... & Gamarra, L. F. (2011). Application of hyperthermia induced by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in glioma treatment. Int J Nanomedicine, 6(3), 591-603.
24. Barzan, E., Mehrabian, S., Irian, S.(2014). Antimicrobial and Genotoxicity Effects of Zero-valent Iron Nanoparticles. Jundishapur J Microbiol, 7(5),5pp