Relationship between pathological personality traits based on DSM-5 (PID-5) and psychotic experiences of abused women referred to forensic medicine

Authors
Shiva Oghbaee 1
Qasem Ahi 1
Fatemeh Shahabizadeh 1
Ahmad Mansouri 2
1 Departent of Psychology, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran
2 Departent of Psychology, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
Abstract
Introduction

Psychotic experiences have a significant relationship with a wide range of mental health problems and the predictors of these experiences have received less attention. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between pathological personality traits based on DSM-5 (PID-5) and psychotic experiences of abused women referred to forensic medicine.

Materials and Methods

This study was descriptive-correlational. The sample included 331 women who were referred to mental health centers, who claimed to have been abused by their husbands. Also, forensic physicians confirmed the injuries after a medical examination. They were selected by convenience sampling method in the 2020 year. Participants answered the 16-item version of the prodromal questionnaire and the personality inventory for DSM-5-short form (PID-5-SF). Research data were analyzed using SPSS22 software and multiple regression analysis.

Results

The results of regression analysis showed that the five variables of psychoticism, disinhibition, dissociation, opposition, and negative emotions predict psychotic experiences and together explain 39% of the variance of psychotic experiences.

Conclusion

The findings of this study confirmed the relationship between pathological personality traits based on DSM-5 (PID-5) and psychotic experiences of abused women referred to forensic medicine. Findings also emphasize the need for personality traits to be considered by specialists, therapists and planners when working with abused women, and especially in counseling and treatment centers in the IPV study, because such factors are likely to affect the occurrence and persistence of various forms of psychopathology.
Keywords
Abused women
Antagonism
Personality
Psychotic experiences
1. Yu R, Nevado-Holgado AJ, Molero Y, D’Onofrio BM, Larsson H, Howard LM. Mental disorders and intimate partner violence perpetrated by men towards women: A Swedish population-based longitudinal study. PLoS Med. 2019;16(12):e1002995. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31846461/
2. Keynejad RC, Hanlon SH, Howard LM. Psychological interventions for common mental disorders in women experiencing intimate partner violence in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiat. 2020;7(2):173-90. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(19)30510-3/fulltext
3. Benavides M, Leon J, Etesse M, Espezua L, Stuart J. Exploring the association between segregation and physical intimate partner violence in Lima, Peru: the mediating role of gender norms and social capital. SSM-Population Health. 2019;7:13-38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6308259/
4. Sanz-Barbero B, Baron N, Vives-Cases C. Prevalence, associated factors and health impact of intimate partner violence against women in different life stages. PLoS ONE. 2019;4(10):e0221049. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221049
5. Coll CV, Ewerling F, Garcia-Moreno C, Hellwig F, Barros AJ. Intimate partner violence in 46 low-income and middle-income countries: an appraisal of the most vulnerable groups of women using national health surveys. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5:e002208. https://gh.bmj.com/content/5/1/e002208
6. Chernet AG, Cherie KT. Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women and associated factors in Ethiopia. BMC Women's Health. 2020;20(22):1-7. https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-020-0892-1
7. Gubi, D, Nansubuga E, Wandera SO. Correlates of intimate partner violence among married women in Uganda: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health; 2020;20:1008. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09123-4
8. Derakhshanpour F, Mahboobi HR, Keshavarzi S. Prevalence of domestic violence against women. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2014;16(1):126-31. http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-1986-en.html
9. Moasheri M, Miri MR, Abou Alhasan Nezhad V, Hedayati H, Zangoie M. Survey of prevalence and demographical dimensions of domestic violence against women in Birjand. Modern Care Journal. 2012;9(33):32- 9. http://bsid.bums.ac.ir/dspace/handle/bums/5227
10. Dugal C, Girard M, Belanger C, Sabourin S, Bates E A, Godbout N. Psychological intimate partner violence and childhood cumulative trauma: the mediating role of affect dysregulation, maladaptive personality traits, and negative urgency. J Interpers violence. 2018;8(2):743-69. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260518801022
11. Mukamana JI, Machakanja P, Adjei NK. Trends in prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence against women in Zimbabwe, 2005–2015. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2020;20(1):2. https://bmcinthealthhumrights.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12914-019-0220-8
12. DeVylder J E, Burnette D, Yang LH. Co-occurrence of psychotic experiences and common mental health conditions across four racially and ethnically diverse population samples. Psychol Med. 2014;44(16):3503-13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25065632/
13. Shah R, Von Mach T, Fedina L, Link B, DeVylder J. Intimate partner violence and psychotic experiences in four US cities. Schizophr Res. 2018;195(2):506-12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920996417305741
14. Knight C, Russo R, Stochl J, Croudace T, Fowler D, Grey N, Reeve N, Jones PB, Perez J. Prevalence of and recovery from common mental disorder including psychotic experiences in the UK Primary Care Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) Program. J Affect Disord. 2020;272:84-90. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32379625/
15. Van Os, Reininghaus U. Psychosis as a transdiagnostic and extended phenotype in the general population. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(2):118-24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27265696/
16. Kuranova A, Booij SH, de Jonge P, Jeronimus B, Lin A, Wardenaar Kj, Wichers M, Wigman TW. Don't worry, be happy: Protective factors to buffer against distress associated with psychotic experiences. Schizophr Res. In Press. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920996420302711
17. Rossell SL, Schutte MJ, Toh WL, Thomas N, Strauss C, Linszen MM. Sommer IE. The questionnaire for psychotic experiences: an examination of the validity and reliability. Schizophr bull. 2019;45(1):78-87. https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article/45/Supplement_1/S78/5305658
18. Boyda D, McFeeters, D, Shevlin, M. Intimate partner violence, sexual abuse, and the mediating role of loneliness on psychosis. Psychosis. 2015;7(1):1-13. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17522439.2014.917433
19. Yalch MM. Personality as a moderator of domestic violence and depressive symptoms in a community sample of women. Michigan State University, Psychology; 2012.
20. Mengo C, Small E, Black, B. Intimate partner violence and women’s mental health: The mediating role of coping strategies among women seeking help from the police. J Interpers Violence. 2017;2(8):28-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29294903/
21. Widiger TA, Smith GT. Personality and psychopathology. In: John OP, Robins R, Pervin LA (eds). Handbook of personality: theory and research, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford; 2008.
22. Shi J, Yao Y, Zhan C, Mao Z, Yin F, Zhao X. The relationship between big five personality traits and psychotic experience in a large non-clinical youth sample: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9: 648. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6288374/
23. Boyette LL, Korver-Nieberg N, Verweij K, Meijer C, Dingemans P, Cahn W, de Haan L. Associations between the Five-Factor Model personality traits and psychotic experiences in patients with psychotic disorders, their siblings and controls. Psychiatry Research. 2013;2(10):491-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23890697/
24. Salazar M, Dahlblom K, Solorzano L, Herrera A. Exposure to intimate partner violence reduces the protective effect that women’s high education has on children’s corporal punishment: A population-based study. Glob Health Action. 2014;7(1):24774. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/gha.v7.24774
25. Moreira P A, Pinto M, Cloninger C R, Rodrigues D, Da Silva C F. Understanding the experience of psychopathology after intimate partner violence: The role of personality. Peer J. 2019;7:e6647.
26. Krueger RF, Derringer J, Markon KE, Watson D, Skodol AE. Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Med 2012;42(9):1879-90. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6445246/
27. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed). Washington, DC: Author; 2013.
28. Bastiaens T, Smits D, De Hert M, Thys E, Bryon H, Sewers K & Van Bouwel L. The relationship between the personality inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) and the psychotic disorder in a clinical sample. Assessment. 2019;26(2):315-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29214869/
29. Heath LM, Drvaric L, Hendershot CH, Quilty LA, Bagby RM. Normative and maladaptive personality trait models of mood, psychotic, and substance use disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2018;40(4):606-13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30459484/
30. Esmailzadeh SSH, Ahi. Q. The role of Pathological personality traits based on (PID-5) DSM-5 in the deadly sins and moral disengagement among prisoners in Birjand. Journal of Ethics in Science and Technology. In Press (In Persian).
31. Jackson MA, Sippel ML, Mota N, Whalen D, Schumacher JU. Borderline personality disorder and related constructs as risk factors for intimate partner violence perpetration. Aggress Violent Behav. 2015;24:95-106. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28725157/
32. Chmielewski M, Bagby RM, Markon K, Ring AJ, Ryder AG. Openness to experience, intellect, schizotypal personality disorder, and psychoticism: Resolving the controversy. J Pers Disord. 2014;2(8):483-99. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24511900/
33. Ohi K, Shimada T, Nitta Y, Kihara H, Okubo H, Uehara T, Kawasaki Y. The five-factor model personality traits in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2016;30(2):34-41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27082867/
34. Schimmenti A, Passanisi A, Di Carlo G, Caretti V. Abuse in childhood and psychopathic traits in a sample of violent offenders. Psychol Trauma. 2015;7(10):340-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26147519/
35. Carton H, & Egan V. The Dark Triad and intimate partner violence. Pers Individ Differ. 2017;10(5):84-8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S019188691630993X
36. McDonald SE, Dmitrieva J, Shin S, Hitti SA, Graham-Bermann SA, Ascione FR, Williams JH. The role of callous/unemotional traits in mediating the association between animal abuse exposure and behavior problems among children exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Abuse Negl. 2017;72(2):421-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28918233/
37. Barker ED, Salekin RT. Irritable oppositional defiance and callous unemotional traits: Is the association partially explained by peer victimization? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53(11):1167-75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22783837/
38. Honings S, Drukker M, ten Have M, de Graaf R, Van Dorsselaer S, van Os J. Psychotic experiences and risk of violence perpetration and arrest in the general population: A prospective study. PloS one. 2016;11(7):125-36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4957763/
39. Ising HK, Veling W, Loewy RL, Rietveld MW, Rietdijk J, Dragt S, Klaassen RC, Nieman DH, Wunderink L, Linszen DH, van der Gaag M. The validity of the 16-item version of the prodromal questionnaire (PQ-16) to screen for ultra high risk of developing psychosis in the general help-seeking population. Schizophr Bull. 2012; 38(6):1288–96. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22516147/
40. Nayeri V, Soraya S, Kamalzadeh L, Shariat S V, Borghei S M, Bayat E. Translation and psychometric of personality disorders inventory according to DMS-V. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2017;10(12):87-9. http://journal.muq.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-332-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1
41. Longenecker JM, Krueger RF, Sponheim SR. Personality traits across the psychosis spectrum: A Hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology conceptualization of clinical symptomatology. Personal Ment Health. 2020;14(1):88–105. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31309736/
42. Thimm JC, Jordan C, Bach B. The personality inventory for DSM-5 short form (PID-5-SF): Psychometric properties and association with big five traits and pathological beliefs in a Norwegian population. BMC Psychol. 2016;4:61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5142430/
43. Hunter H, Bolinskey PK, Novi JH, Hudak DV, James AV, Myers KR, Schuder KM. Using the MMPI–2–RF to discriminate psychometrically identified schizotypic college students from a matched comparison sample. J Pers Assess. 2014;96(6):596-603. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24906115/
44. Saldanha-Silva R, Nunes FL, Rezende HA, Mansur-Alves M. Maladaptive beliefs as mediators of the relationship between personality traits and Borderline Personality Disorder symptoms. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas). 2019;36:e180016. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-33355-001
45. Wiltink S, Nelson B, Velthorst E, Wigman JT, Lin A Baksheev G, Cosgrave E, Ross M, Ryan J, Yung AR. The relationship between personality traits and psychotic like experiences in a large non-clinical adolescent sample. Pers Indivd Differ. 2015;73:92-7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914005327
46. Boldrini T, Tanzilli A, Pontillo M, Chirumbolo A, Vicari S, Lingiardi V. Comorbid personality disorders in individuals with an at-risk mental state for psychosis: A meta-analytic review. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:429. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6625011/
47. Hengartner MP, Ajdacic-Gross V, Wyss CH, Angst J. Relationship between personality and psychopathology in a longitudinal community study: A test of the predisposition model.  Psychol Med. 2016;46(8):1693-705. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26979285/
48. Hankin B. Personality and depressive symptoms: stress generation and cognitive vulnerabilities to depression in a prospective daily diary study. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2010;29(4):369-401. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245036/
49. Suilleabhain PS, Hughes BM, Oommen AM, Joshi L, Cunningham M. Vulnerability to stress: Personality facet of vulnerability is associated with cardiovascular adaptation to recurring stress. Int J Psychophysiol. 2019;144:34-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31229589/
50. Yalch MM, Lannert BK, Hopwood CJ, Levendosky AA. Interpersonal style moderates the effect of dating violence on symptoms of anxiety and depression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence.2013; 28, 3171–3185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260513496901/
51. Yalch MM, Levendosky AA, Bernard NK, Bogat GA. Main and moderating influence of temperament traits on the association between intimate partner violence and trauma symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2015; 32(20):3131–3148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515596978/
52. Nitzburg GC, Malhotra AK, DeRosse P. The relationship between temperament and character and subclinical psychotic-like experiences in healthy adults. European Psychiatry. 2014; 29(6): 352-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eurpsy.2013.11.006
53. Nitzburg GC, Gopin CB, Peters BD, Karlsgodt KH, Malhotra, AK, DeRosse P. The relationship between temperament and character and psychotic-like experiences in healthy children and adolescents. European Psychiatry. 2016; 31(2): 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.07.002/