Prevalence of Death and Risk Factors in COVID-19 Vaccinated Patients

Authors
MohammadSaeed Taheri
Saeedreza Jamali moghadam siahkali
Karvan Bekmaz
Parisa Haghi bagha
Aziz Rasouli
Zeinab Siami
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Abstract
Introduction: The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented global health crisis with profound implications for public health worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of mortality due to COVID-19 in vaccinated patients presenting to the emergency department of Ziaian Hospital in the year 1400.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included 298 patients with COVID-19. Sampling was conducted through convenience sampling, and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27. Logistic and Poisson regression were used to investigate the relationship between mortality and the study variables.

Results: The average age of individuals in this study was 66.26 years. The mortality rate due to COVID-19 in vaccinated patients hospitalized in the hospital was 12.34%. In this study, a significant association was observed between mortality and a history of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease in vaccinated patients with COVID-19 (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that among the underlying diseases analyzed, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease have the highest risk of mortality due to COVID-19. This research highlights the importance of focusing on populations affected by these specific diseases and providing appropriate treatment to meet their needs.
Keywords
COVID-19
hospitalized patients
mortality
risk factors
1. Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Tan BYQ, Jing M, Goh Y, Ngiam NJH, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:559-65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049
2. Khankeh HR, Farrokhi M, Khanjani MS, Momtaz YA, Forouzan AS, Norouzi M, et al. The Barriers, Challenges, and Strategies of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccine Acceptance: A Concurrent Mixed-Method Study in Tehran City, Iran. Vaccines. 2021;9(11):1248 https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111248
3. Janković S. Current status and future perspective of coronavirus disease 2019: a review. Scripta Medica. 2020;51(2):101-9.
4. Chew NW, Lee GK, Tan BY, Jing M, Goh Y, Ngiam NJ, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;88:559-65.
5. Tse LV, Meganck RM, Graham RL, Baric RS. The Current and Future State of Vaccines, Antivirals and Gene Therapies Against Emerging Coronaviruses. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020;11(658):- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00658
6. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1612-4 https://doi.org/10.001/jama.2020.4326
7. Riad A, Pokorná A, Attia S, Klugarová J, Koščík M, Klugar M. Prevalence of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects among Healthcare Workers in the Czech Republic. J Clin Med. 2021;10(7):1428 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33916020.
8. Costanzo M, De Giglio MAR, Roviello GN. Anti-Coronavirus Vaccines: Past Investigations on SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, the Approved Vaccines from BioNTech/Pfizer, Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca and others under Development Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Curr Med Chem. 2021:- https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210521164809
9. Lane S, MacDonald NE, Marti M, Dumolard L. Vaccine hesitancy around the globe: Analysis of three years of WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form data-2015-2017. Vaccine. 2018;36(26):3861-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.063
10. Latkin CA, Dayton L, Yi G, Konstantopoulos A, Boodram B. Trust in a COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S.: A social-ecological perspective. Soc Sci Med. 2021;270:113684 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.
11. Sallam M. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates. Vaccines. 2021;9(2):160 https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160

12. Al-Mohaithef M, Padhi BK. Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Saudi Arabia: A Web-Based National Survey. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:1657-63 https://doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.S276771
13. Chowdhury EK, Khan II, Dhar BK. Catastrophic impact of Covid-19 on the global stock markets and economic activities. Business and Society Review.n/a(n/a):- https://doi.org/10.1111/basr.12219
14. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
15. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
16. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. 2020;323(11):1061-9.
17. Mikami T, Miyashita H, Yamada T, Harrington M, Steinberg D, Dunn A, et al. Risk factors for mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York City. 2021;36(1):17-26.
18. Cai HJTLRM. Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19. 2020;8(4):e20.
19. Lancet TJL. The gendered dimensions of COVID-19. 2020;395(10231):1168.
20. Wenham C, Smith J, Morgan RJTl. COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak. 2020;395(10227):846-8.
21. Albitar O, Ballouze R, Ooi JP, Ghadzi SMSJDr, practice c. Risk factors for mortality among COVID-19 patients. 2020;166:108293.
22. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. 2020;180(7):934-43.
23. Zuin M, Rigatelli G, Zuliani G, Rigatelli A, Mazza A, Roncon LJJoI. Arterial hypertension and risk of death in patients with COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020;81(1):e84-e6.
24. Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He JJNRN. The global epidemiology of hypertension. 2020;16(4):223-37.
25. Corrao S, Argano C, Natoli G, Nobili A, Corazza G, Mannucci P, et al. Disability, and not diabetes, is a strong predictor of mortality in oldest old patients hospitalized with pneumonia. 2018;54:53-9.
26. Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. 2020;382(18):1708-20.
27. Wu Z-h, Tang Y, Cheng QJAd. Diabetes increases the mortality of patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. 2021;58:139-44.
28. Varikasuvu SR, Dutt N, Thangappazham B, Varshney S. Diabetes and COVID-19: A pooled analysis related to disease severity and mortality. Primary Care Diabetes. 2021;15(1):24-7.
29. Abdi A, Jalilian M, Sarbarzeh PA, Vlaisavljevic Z. Diabetes and COVID-19: A systematic review on the current evidences. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2020;166:108347.
30. Li X, Guan B, Su T, Liu W, Chen M, Waleed KB, et al. Impact of cardiovascular disease and cardiac injury on in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020;106(15):1142-7.
31. Xu J, Yang X, Yang L, Zou X, Wang Y, Wu Y, et al. Clinical course and predictors of 60-day mortality in 239 critically ill patients with COVID-19: a multicenter retrospective study from Wuhan, China. 2020;24:1-11.
32. Ssentongo P, Ssentongo AE, Heilbrunn ES, Ba DM, Chinchilli VMJPo. Association of cardiovascular disease and 10 other pre-existing comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2020;15(8):e0238215.