The Effect of Tabata Training and Cinnamon Supplementation on Lipid Profiles, Body Composition, Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Obese and Overweight Nezaja Soldiers

Authors
reza sabzevari rad 1
Hamid omidi 1
Milad Alipour 2
1 army
2 University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is associated with many health problems, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and musculoskeletal disorders. Tabata workouts are a type of high-intensity interval training that provides health benefits in the shortest amount of time and with minimal side effects. This study investigated the effect of Tabata exercise and cinnamon supplementation on variations of lipid profiles, body composition and performance factors in overweight and obese Nezaja soldiers.

Methods: 40 overweight and obese soldiers were divided into Tabata training, Tabata training + supplement, supplement and control groups. Then, the experimental groups performed Tabata training 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks at an intensity of 87-95% of HRmax, and the subjects in the supplement group consumed three 500 mg capsules with meals. Weight, body mass index, subcutaneous fat, aerobic and anaerobic capacity were measured using standard methods. Blood samples were taken before and after the intervention to measure changes in lipid profiles. Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests, covariance, and Bonferroni post hoc tests at a significance level of less than 0.05.

Results: Similarly, significant reductions in weight and BMI were observed for the Tabata + Supplement and Tabata training groups compared to the two supplement and control groups (P = 0.001; P = 0.001). The greatest reduction in body fat percentage was observed for the Tabata + Supplement group compared to the Tabata (P = 0.013), Supplement (P = 0.005), and Control (P = 0.001) groups. Significant improvements were observed for TG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C in the Tabata + Supplement group compared to the Supplement and Control groups (P = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in TG changes between the Tabata + Supplement and Tabata training groups (P > 0.05), and significant improvements in aerobic (P > 0.05) and anaerobic (P > 0.05) power were similar between the two groups.

Conclusion: Tabata training with cinnamon supplementation can effectively reduce body composition, lipid profile, and aerobic and anaerobic performance in obese and overweight Nezaja soldiers.
Keywords
Tabata Exercise
Cinnamon Supplement
Lipid Profile
Physical Fitness
body composition
Soldier
1. Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism. 2019; 10(2): 92:6-10.
2. Salimi Y, Taghdir M, Sepandi M, Karimi Zarchi A-A. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC public health. 2019; 15(10): 19:1-9.
3. Knapik JJ, Farina EK, Steelman RA, Trone DW, Lieberman HR. The Medical Burden of Obesity and overweight in the US military: Association of BMI with clinically diagnosed medical conditions in United States Military Service members. The Journal of Nutrition. 2023;153(10):2951-67.
4. Dabbagh-Moghadam A, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Nasiri M, Miri A, Rahdar M, Sadeghi O. Association of white and red meat consumption with general and abdominal obesity: a cross-sectional study among a population of Iranian military families in 2016. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2017;22:717-24.
5. Pourtaghi G, Bidel H, Madvari RF, Akhondikalour M, Samadi M. Effect of regular physical activity on metabolic parameters and anthropometric indices in obese military personnel: a quasi-experimental study. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021;25(4):361-9.
6. Rostami H, Parastouei K, Samadi M. Assessment of dietary menu and staff satisfaction with it in selected military areas of the country. Journal of Military Medicine. 2021;23(2):58-68.
7. Majlesi M, Sepehrifar S, Motashakker AM. A review of the role of exercise and physical fitness in the health and capability of military forces. 2016;13(1):58-63.
8. Shirvani H, Delpasand A, Bazgir B. Descriptive Study of Combat Physical Fitness of Ground Force Army Center in 2019. Journal of Military Medicine. 2021;23(7):564-72.
9. Ambardi D, Sugiyanto S, Ekawati FF. Whether the Tabata Training Method and Basic Military Training Had Different Effects on Improving Military Physical Fitness: An Experimental Study. European Journal of Sport Sciences. 2023;2(1):1-8.
10. Gentil P, Naves JPA, Viana RB, Coswig V, Vaz MDS, Bartel C, et al. Revisiting Tabata's protocol: does it even exist? Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2016;48(10):2070-1.
11. Ljubojević A, Gerdijan N, Pavlović R, Šebić L. Effect of Tabata training program on body fat reduction in healthy inactive women. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports. 2023;27(3): 198-207.
12. Lu Y, Wiltshire HD, Baker JS, Wang Q, Ying S. The effect of Tabata-style functional high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health and physical activity in female university students. Frontiers in Physiology. 2023;14(10): 95-105.
13. Popowczak M, Rokita A, Domaradzki J. Effects of Tabata training on health-related fitness components among secondary school students. Kinesiology. 2022;54(2):221-9.
14. Tabata I. Tabata training in perspective. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2024;52(1):21-29.
15. Kyröläinen H, Pihlainen K, Vaara JP, Ojanen T, Santtila M. Optimising training adaptations and performance in military environment. Journal of science and medicine in sport. 2018;21(11):1131-8.
16. Viana RB, de Lira CAB, Naves JPA, Coswig VS, Del Vecchio FB, Gentil P. Tabata protocol: a review of its application, variations and outcomes. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 2019;39(1):1-8.
17. Murray M, Lange B, Søgaard K, Sjøgaard G. The effect of physical exercise training on neck and shoulder muscle function among military helicopter pilots and crew: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Public Health. 2020;8(2):54-62.
18. Seo SG, Yoon J-h, Jee H. The effect of five weeks of basic military training on physical fitness and blood biochemical factors in obese military recruits just conscripted into the army. Exercise Science. 2020;29(2):154-61.
19. Maierean SM, Serban M-C, Sahebkar A, Ursoniu S, Serban A, Penson P, et al. The effects of cinnamon supplementation on blood lipid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of clinical lipidology. 2017;11(6):1393-406.
20. Yazdanpanah Z, Azadi‐Yazdi M, Hooshmandi H, Ramezani‐Jolfaie N, Salehi‐Abargouei A. Effects of cinnamon supplementation on body weight and composition in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials. Phytotherapy Research. 2020;34(3):448-63.
21. Jamali N, Kazemi A, Saffari-Chaleshtori J, Samare-Najaf M, Mohammadi V, Clark CC. The effect of cinnamon supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2020;55(2):102-111.
22. Hasan MF, Adnyana IK, Bahri S, Ray HRD. The Role and Mechanism of Cinnamon for Athlete Metabolism and Recovery Process: A Systematic Literature Review. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga. 2022;7(2):140-8.
23. Liang Q, Zhang H, Chang X. Anti-Exercise Fatigue Effect of Bazhen Decoction Added with Cinnamon and Fructus Psoraleae. Carpathian Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2016;8(3): 51-62.
24. Eston R, Reilly T. Kinanthropometry and exercise physiology laboratory manual: tests, procedures and data: volume two: physiology: Routledge; 2013; 2(1): 100-130.
25. Venckunas T, Mieziene B, Emeljanovas A. Aerobic capacity is related to multiple other aspects of physical fitness: a study in a large sample of Lithuanian schoolchildren. Frontiers in physiology. 2018;9:1797.
26. Rajabi R, Rajabi F, Karimizadeh Ardakani M. Reliability and Validity of Iranian Slim Guide Skinfold Caliper to Measure Subcutaneous Fat. Journal of Advanced Sport Technology. 2021;5(2):47-58.
27. Nevill AM, Metsios GS, Jackson AS, Wang J, Thornton J, Gallagher D. Can we use the Jackson and Pollock equations to predict body density/fat of obese individuals in the 21st century?. International journal of body composition research. 2008 Sep 2;6(3):114.
28. Flouris AD, Metsios GS, Koutedakis Y. Enhancing the efficacy of the 20 m multistage shuttle run test. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2005;39(3):166-70.
29. Mayorga-Vega D, Aguilar-Soto P, Viciana J. Criterion-related validity of the 20-m shuttle run test for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness: a meta-analysis. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2015;14(3):536.
30. Adamczyk J. The estimation of the RAST test usefulness in monitoring the anaerobic capacity of sprinters in athletics. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism. 2011;18(3):214-8.
31. Zagatto AM, Beck WR, Gobatto CA. Validity of the running anaerobic sprint test for assessing anaerobic power and predicting short-distance performances. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2009;23(6):1820-7.
32. Tabata I, Nishimura K, Kouzaki M, Hirai Y, Ogita F, Miyachi M, et al. Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO~ 2~ m~ a~ x. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1996;28:1327-1330.
33. Domaradzki J, Cichy I, Rokita A, Popowczak M. Effects of tabata training during physical education classes on body composition, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic performance of under-, normal-and overweight adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(3):876-881.
34. Rostami F, Shabani R. The effect of eight weeks aerobic training on serum irisin, glucose homeostasis and blood lipid levels in untrained women. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2019; 26(2): 185-193.
35. Bagheri R, Rashidlamir A, Motevalli MS, Elliott BT, Mehrabani J, Wong A. Effects of upper-body, lower-body, or combined resistance training on the ratio of follistatin and myostatin in middle-aged men. European journal of applied physiology. 2019;119(9):1921-31.
36. Bayat H, Khalounejad H, Babaei M, Arnavazi Yamchi N, Azarbayjani MA. Interactive effect of a period of high-intensity interval training and cinnamon supplementation on the levels of some inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in overweight men. Research in Exercise Nutrition. 2022;1(2):35-42.
37. Delshad A, Dashti M. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined Training (Aerobic-TRX) and Cinnamon Supplementation on Serum Levels of Leptin and Visfatin in Inactive Overweight Women. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2023;30(4):462-74.
38. Gobbo LA, Langer RD, Marini E, Buffa R, Borges JH, Pascoa MA, et al. Effect of physical training on body composition in brazilian military. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(3):1732.
39. Kazemi A, Rahmati M, Akhondi M. Effect of 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training with cinnamon supplementation on serum apelin concentration and insulin resistance in overweight boys. Internal Medicine Today. 2016;22(3):177-83.
40. Lu C-W, Lo Y-H, Chen C-H, Lin C-Y, Tsai C-H, Chen P-J, et al. VLDL and LDL, but not HDL, promote breast cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis. Cancer letters. 2017;388:130-8.
41. Mohammadyari S, Saberi Y. A Review of the Physiological Effects of Intense Interval Training; Adaptations Related to Some Health Factors in Military Personnel (Meta-Analysis Study). Paramedical Sciences and Military Health. 2022;17(1):58-66.
42. Nakhaei K, Ghofrani M, Fazel Bakhsheshi M, Nakhaei H. Effect of circuit resistance training and cinnamon supplement on body composition and Omentin-1 in overweight women. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2018;20(11):74-82.
43. Rahmati M, Kazemi A, Kerendi H, Sheibak A. The effect of HIIT with supplementation of cinnamon on DPP4 concentration, insulin resistance, BMI and Vo2max in overweight boys. Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2019;15(29):119-32.
44. Scott C, Beliveau C, Desmond K, Rollins E. Total energy costs of 3 all-out Tabata routines: calisthenic, plyometric and resistance exercises. European Journal of Human Movement. 2016;37(2):49-55.
45. Boutcher SH. High-intensity intermittent exercise and fat loss. Journal of obesity. 2011; 12(1): 10-25.
46. Shah N, Purohit A. Effect of tabata training for weight loss in overweight middle age female of Ahmedabad city: an experimental study. International Journal of Science & Healthcare Research. 2020;5(4):281-4.
47. Flockhart M, Nilsson LC, Tais S, Ekblom B, Apró W, Larsen FJ. Excessive exercise training causes mitochondrial functional impairment and decreases glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers. Cell metabolism. 2021;33(5):957-70.
48. Jitwil A, Pitil PP, Wahed WJE. High-intensity interval training and high-intensity resistance training on body fat percentage and aerobic fitness among female overweight adults. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation. 2019;15(2):25-34.
49. Galedari M, Kaki A. The effect of 12 weeks high intensity interval training and resistance training on liver fat, liver enzymes and insulin resistance in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal. 2017:22:16(5):493-503.
50. Gibala MJ, McGee SL, Garnham AP, Howlett KF, Snow RJ, Hargreaves M. Brief intense interval exercise activates AMPK and p38 MAPK signaling and increases the expression of PGC-1α in human skeletal muscle. Journal of applied physiology. 2009;106(3):929-34.
51. Ouerghi N, Fradj MKB, Bezrati I, Khammassi M, Feki M, Kaabachi N, et al. Effects of high-intensity interval training on body composition, aerobic and anaerobic performance and plasma lipids in overweight/obese and normal-weight young men. Biology of sport. 2017;34(4):385-92.
52. Durstine JL, Grandjean PW, Cox CA, Thompson PD. Lipids, lipoproteins, and exercise. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. 2002;22(6):385-98.
53. Talanian JL, Galloway SD, Heigenhauser GJ, Bonen A, Spriet LL. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. Journal of applied physiology. 2007;20(7):35-43.
54. Bruinsma TJ. High intensity versus resistance exercise on postprandial triglycerides in healthy college students. 2017;13(2):91-99.
55. Delshad A, Dashti MS. The effect of combined exercises) Aerobic-TRX (and cinnamon supplementation on serum levels of Irisin and glucose homeostasis in inactive overweight women. KAUMS Journal (FEYZ). 2022;26(6):703-13.
56. Amirabadi F, Asadi M, Tabrizi A. The effect of endurance training and use of cinnamon supplement on antioxidant index and lipid peroxidation as additional care in middle-aged female diabetic type II patients. Journal of Diabetes Nursing. 2016;4(3):48-59.
57. Khan A, Safdar M, Ali Khan MM, Khattak KN, Anderson RA. Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care. 2003;26(12):3215-8.
58. Lopes BP, Gaique TG, Souza LL, Paula GS, Kluck GE, Atella GC, et al. Cinnamon extract improves the body composition and attenuates lipogenic processes in the liver and adipose tissue of rats. Food & function. 2015; 10(6): 3257-65.
59. Lee J-S, Jeon S-M, Park E-M, Huh T-L, Kwon O-S, Lee M-K, et al. Cinnamate supplementation enhances hepatic lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense systems in high cholesterol-fed rats. Journal of medicinal food. 2003;6(3):183-91.
60. Jin S, Cho K-H. Water extracts of cinnamon and clove exhibits potent inhibition of protein glycation and anti-atherosclerotic activity in vitro and in vivo hypolipidemic activity in zebrafish. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2011;49(7):1521-9.
61. Sartorius T, Peter A, Schulz N, Drescher A, Bergheim I, Machann J, et al. Cinnamon extract improves insulin sensitivity in the brain and lowers liver fat in mouse models of obesity. PloS one. 2014;9(3):923-58.
62. Mollazadeh H, Hosseinzadeh H. Cinnamon effects on metabolic syndrome: a review based on its mechanisms. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences. 2016;19(12):1258-64.
63. Vafa M, Mohammadi F, Shidfar F, Sormaghi MS, Heidari I, Golestan B, et al. Effects of cinnamon consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients. International journal of preventive medicine. 2012;3(8):531-39.